The adsorption process of anionic synthetic surfactants using a by-product of the energy industry—carbonate sludge from thermal power station water treatment—modified with a binder material (paraffin), referred to as MCSP (Modified Carbonate Sludge with Paraffin), was studied. An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the kinetics of adsorption over time. It was found that adsorption on MCSP occurs within 60 minutes of contact between the wastewater and the adsorbent material. It was noted that adsorption treatment of wastewater using MCSP increases the efficiency of anionic surfactant removal during local treatment, which plays an important role in ensuring the uninterrupted operation of biological treatment facilities. The study concludes that the proposed technology is environmentally safe, utilizes energy industry waste as secondary material resources, and reduces anthropogenic pressure on the natural environment.