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Ecology and Industry of Russia

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Vol 22, No 6 (2018)
View or download the full issue PDF № 6 (2018) (Russian)

ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS

4-9 966
Abstract

Process of extraction of nickel hydroxide from the nickel containing sludge of "Robert Bosch Saratov" Ltd have been studied. It was established that it can be used as an active component of cathode mass for manufacture of Ni(OH)2 electrode of a nickel-cadmium (iron) battery. Conducted tests of the Ni(OH)2 based electrodes showed high electrochemical characteristics at work under conditions of production mode, good stability and duration of discharge: capacity 0,93–1.0 A・h, coefficient of use 83–86 % during 110 charge-discharge cycles. Technological scheme of Ni(OH)2 production is presented. The prevented ecological damage to soils resources of Saratov region is calculated. It is 95.000 rub/h. Evaluation of descending of hazard class of the galvanic sludge for environmental on ecological parameters of safety is conducted. By biotesting (on Chlorella vulgaris Beijer) and calculation methods it was shown that extraction of nickel allows to reduce of hazard class of the galvanic sludge from 2–3 to 4.

10-14 801
Abstract

In order to solve the problem of increasing the efficiency of purification of industrial gas emissions from aerosol particles, the authors developed a jet-film contact device, described the principle of its operation. The results of numerical studies to determine the efficiency of aerosol deposition on a fluid film of a jet-film contact device are presented. The study was carried out in the ANSYS Fluent software package, using the turbulence model of the k-ω SST model. Different variants of the ratio of the height to the width of the structure of the device are considered. The velocity of the gas flow and the sizes of the dispersed particles are changed. It is shown that to achieve high technical and economic performance of heat and mass transfer devices with jet-film contact devices, they should be designed taking into account the choice of optimum values for the height of the downcomer (kb = 0,46÷0,53).

SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS

15-19 713
Abstract

The results of experimental studies on the evaluation of the possibility of using enzyme complexes in the biological treatment of waste water from pulp and paper enterprises are presented. The use of enzyme complexes will increase the efficiency of wastewater treatment by COD and BOD, and will also have a beneficial effect on the hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics of activated sludge. Experimental studies have determined the points of introduction of enzyme complexes into the technological scheme of biological wastewater treatment.

20-25 1370
Abstract

The use of industrial wastes as alternative adsorbents for wastewater treatment is proposed. The effective concentration of the adsorbent was determined experimentally. The results of a study of the intensification of biological wastewater treatment using activated carbon and a pulverized coke fraction are presented. The efficiency of treatment in terms of "chemical oxygen demand" during the intake of highly concentrated sewage sludge with the use of an alternative adsorbent averaged 85 %. In the biosorption system, the conservation of the species diversity of the biocenosis of activated sludge and its purifying ability was noted. In the biological treatment system, purification efficiency was recorded on average 16 % less and destabilization of the system as a whole. The carried out researches prove expediency of use of adsorbents, including production wastes, for intensification of biological wastewater treatment in aero tanks.

NUMBER SUBJECT. Ecological problems of mining industry

26-29 1248
Abstract

A complex characteristic of the degree of influence of mining on the environment is given. The criteria for assessing the impact of mining on the region's ecology are substantiated. A set of measures aimed at improving the mineral resource use system with an environmental effect is proposed. It is shown that the effectiveness of resource-saving is a function of the volume of minerals extracted on the surface. A complex criterion for assessing the effectiveness of mining technologies as a ratio of the ecological and economic factors of working of mines is proposed. The analysis of the practice of applying resource-saving technologies with the transfer of mineral into the solution at the site of occurrence of ores is given. The typology of technologies for hazards prevention and measures for environmental protection has been proposed. The concept of resource-saving as a correct use of natural-man-made arrays in the process of extraction of mineral raw materials is formulated.

30-34 1139
Abstract

Regions of extraction of mineral raw materials are characterized by the proximity of powerful mining production with intensive agricultural production within the framework of the natural and man-made system. Around the quarries of open development of deposits formed a stable zone of dusting, which violates the process of self-regulation of the natural environment until irreversible degradation. The intensity of pollution of the environment by mobile dust increases due to the exceeding of the limit of energy intensity of the breakage of ores. The formation of anthropogenic anomalies is associated with the rates of correction of soil homeostasis in stochastic processes of transformation of hydrochemical conditions, and is characterized by a decrease in the yield of agricultural crops. The concept of environmental protection from dust pollution includes the task of minimizing the technogenic impact on nature and generalizes the conditions for the ecological and economic compatibility of mining and agricultural production. Reducing the volume of the formation of mobile dust is achieved due to the adjustment of the technology of breaking the ores.

35-39 1076
Abstract

The tools for improving the environment state of mining regions is the optimization of mining and technological processes based on an assessment of the state of the natural environment when the technogenic load changes. The mining industry forms tailings storages for the processing of ores, which, in specific mountain conditions, determine the level of environmental impact. Conventional ore processing technologies do not ensure the extraction of metals from tailings of beneficiation to a level that allows them to be used in the national economy. Modernization of beneficating processes is possible using new leaching technologies, for example, processing in disintegrators. The ecological efficiency of waste-free utilization of tailings of beneficiation is achieved with system management of a set of extraction and processing processes taking into account the damage from environmental chemization. The efficiency of utilization of tailings of processing consists of reducing damage from the storage of tailings, the cost of commodity products obtained during processing, as well as reducing the technogenic load on the environment.

40-43 1356
Abstract

The metal deposit, as an object of natural leaching, is a natural and technogenic system within which processes of natural processing of metal-bearing ores take place, with the extraction of metals into solution. Modernization of mining on an environmental-based basis is possible with the use of innovative technologies for extracting metals from solutions of natural leaching. The ecological efficiency of the purification of mine drains with the capture of metals dissolved in them is described by a model linking the totality of processes up to the realization in the form of marketable products, including damage from the removal of metals and chemicals to the ecosystems of the environment. Under appropriate conditions, natural leaching processes can be corrected by technological methods.

44-48 1885
Abstract

Indicators of pollution in the area of tailing dumps allow us to qualify the environmental situation in them as an emergency. Environmental assessment of the role of tailing dumps allows realizing the costs for ensuring the safe interaction of the facility with the environment. Between the state of the environment of the mining region and the possibilities of technologies for the recovery of mining waste, there are legal links that need to be considered when developing a mechanism for their regulation.

ANALYSIS. METHODS. PROGNOSIS

49-53 752
Abstract

A review of the use of industrial wastes in our country and abroad was conducted, and prospects for using man-made raw materials at the Grozny CHP and wastes of subsurface rocks crushing were considered. The analysis of the results of the conducted research is carried out, which showed that secondary technogenic raw materials can successfully compete and replace exhaustible natural resources, since the chemical composition and qualitative parameters of the materials under study confirm its uniqueness and, moreover, there is can see a solution of environmental problems. The formulation of multicomponent binders and concretes based on fine-dispersed ash microspheres and enriched artificial aggregates promoted recycling of secondary raw materials and improvement of the ecological situation in the region.

54-57 628
Abstract

The problems associated with the use of existing thermal installations for the incineration of sewage sludge and the design of new structures are considered. The results obtained by calculating the chemical and phase equilibria are presented. Recommended optimal ratio of primary and secondary air flow rates with its step-by-step approach.

58-63 709
Abstract

It is shown that the widespread use of plastics as the most important modern construction material in various industries in addition to technical, economic and aesthetic benefits and carries significant environmental risks associated with the consumption of hydrocarbons and the generation of waste. To reduce environmental risks requires the use of plastic waste as secondary materials, which will reduce the consumption of primary resources and reduce environmental pollution. The new system of rationing of negative influence of enterprises on environment, adopted in the country, will be a good incentive to use waste plastics as a feedstock, which will reduce the environmental risks associated with their use.



ISSN 1816-0395 (Print)
ISSN 2413-6042 (Online)