ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS
On the base of the analytical review of existing techniques of treatment and use of food waste extracted from the total flow of solid domestic waste in the places of its production there was recognized the need of design engineering of a new type of food waste disposer. In order for a decision of set task was proposed and experimentally tested a new design of food waste disposer, which is based on the principle of inertial disintegration. For design engineering was put forward an idea of applying repeated rig roughness on the surfaces of active crushing member of disposer. As a result of investigations were determined the properties that are obtained in the process of food waste crushing, pulp for the offered design, that conforms with norms applicable for discharge into municipal sewage lines. Experimental investigations demonstrated that the developed design meets all requirements.
There was considered one from the most advanced method of radioactive waste treatment, exhaust salt melt, the method of sorption purification with the use of sorbent agent zeolite NaA. There was investigated the behavior of alkaline, alkaline-earth and rare earth elements. There was demonstrated that zeolite NaA possesses selective properties in relation to cesium, strontium, barium and lanthanum, mimics of fission products during molten salt treatment. On the base of conducted investigations there was offered to conduct sorption purification on zeolite NaA or its derivatives, for the purpose of regeneration of exhaust salt melts that used in non-aqueous methods of radioactive waste treatment and reduction of radioactive waste's quantity. There were give estimations of upper boundary of sorption purification duration in respect to processes of exhaust salt melts, containing fission products.
Via example of Amur Oblast there were considered the roadmap of coal-steam plants' development. There was carried out analysis of environmental situation in the region. There was determined the role of heat power plant in deterioration of atmosphere's background pollution. There were given data on noxious emissions from electrical generating unit with capacity of 300 MW, which fired the coal from local raw material base. There was offered the option of electrical generating unit's scheme with pollution abatement system that ensures reduction of specific emission limit values to regulatory values.
There was developed law-waste technology of small-scale production of large dimensions articles from glass reinforced plastics. This technology based on the use of close control equipment for simultaneous butch sputtering of all components of composite material, allows to mixing oligomers (resin) with curing agent and chopped glass fiber in the flow of air, outside the sputtering equipment, and in this case almost completely eliminates generation of industrial waste. Developed technology allows forming large dimensions articles continuously, without fear of turning of oligomers in polymer inside the equipment. There was discovering optimal structure of composite material. There was made choice of plastic binder and glass-fiber filler. The use as filler of chopped glass fiber with length of 50 mm ensures for composite material intended complex of physical and mechanical properties, and eliminates its anisotropy, which has place during the use of woven glass fabric, permeated by polymer compound. There was optimized technology of manufacturing of form-building equipment for production of standard and special modules from fiber-glass plastic.
SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS
Dynamic environmental monitoring for composition of atmospheric boundary in the cities with the aid of public transport, equipped with operating system GPS/GLONASS. allows to control outdoor air of industrial city with minimal costs, determine enterprises, that exceed emission standards, automatically control data on pollution and build up data base on aerial contamination, as well as substantially increase safety of city residents from accidental releases of harmful substances by means of timely accident prevention. There was offered the system of satellite-based monitoring that allows build up dynamic models of emissions transfer for further research of patterns of contamination propagation for air basin of industrial agglomerations, identify
principles and mechanisms, that were the foundations of movement clouds of pollutant substances over the surface the earth, developed by residential estate and industrial plants.
There were considered economic aspects of carbon dioxide capture for power-generating sector, in particular, the costs of top-priced process for manufacturing chain of CO2 capture. There was offered model that allows on the base of technical standards of power generating unit determine the costs of carbon dioxide capture and levelised costs of electricity. There were quoted three configurations of power generating units: coal-fired, power generating units, as well as described flow charts performance of these power generating units. There were calculated and analyzed the costs related with its construction and operation, and on the base of given analysis draw conclusions on current state of technology and prospects of it development in the
future.
In article questions of collagen containing waste utilization after leather and fur processing. The possibility of obtaining a protein hydrolyzate not only from tannery waste, but also furs was investigated. It has surface-active properties characteristic look like bio-surfactants
Relevance of solutions of issues for management of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) is evident, particularly for old industrial regions of Ural, in which concentrated industrial plants, occupied up to 25% of area in regional pattern of municipal formations, and these plants are one from reasons of forming of stable areal of environment pollution. For purposes of detection of environmental risks during assessment of impact of enterprises on environment on
the base of calculations of expected pollution was conducted rationale of provisional area of SPZ. The main influencing factors are air pollution (up to 97% of area of SPZ) and removal of substantial land turnover. There were considered environmental aspects of SPZ engineering for objects situated in affected zone of a few enterprises. There was performed analysis of calculation of individual or single SPZ for group of enterprises
ANALYSIS. METHODS. PROGNOSIS
There was considered interaction of potential soil pollutants in man-induced load gradient. As an example of integrated study of soils state of impact territories of enterprise for production of phosphorous mineral fertilizers (PMF) and cement works were demonstrated peculiarities of mutual interaction gas-dust industrial emissions on environmental and agrochemical properties of upper layer of soil cover. Under conditions of overlap of impact zones, where has place emission of pollutants of alkali and acid nature, in soil established near to neutral pH value (6,54±0,08), favorable for growth and development of plants. On the territory of pollutants dispersion, where are situated enterprise for production of PMF and cement works was marked high buffering capacity of soil in relation to accumulation of sulfur's moving forms. In spite of increased content of total forms of sulfur (100,2-479,6 mg of S/kg of soil, or 0,6-3,0 TLV), content of its moving form (mean 2,2±3,4 mg/kg of soil) rests in optimal range for cultivation of crops (p<0,05). There was demonstrated expediency of environmental and agrochemical monitoring of soil cover as adequate index of man-induced load. with accounting process-
es of interaction of specific pollutants of large industrial production.
There was undertake a study of snow blanket's pollution of eight indoor recreational objects of Samara. Snow samples was taken from water-shed area of ponds. There were determined iron, manganese, copper, zinc and lead. There was calculated cumulative index of pollution. There was offered approach to assessment of results with the use of Harrington scale. In the frame of offered approach there was demonstrated that majority of examined objects characterized by mean and low level of snow blanket's pollution by heavy metals. There was made analysis of pollution structure. For some objects the main contribution is attributed by iron, for others – by copper. There was conducted comparison of results with data for other cities. There was made analysis of processes that lead to high and extremally high level of water pollution of drainless municipal pond by compounds of iron and manganese, as well as detected the role of slush.
The establishment of standards of water disposal on the base of approach of threshold limit values (TLVs) for pollutants, without considering individual characteristics of enterprises, leads, on the one hand, to deterioration of environmental state of water bodies, and, on the other hand, to unsubstantiated increasing of costs for sewage treatment. Besides, as a rule, there are take into account only point estimation of TLV in line with laboratory sample without regard to method error of its calculation. In the work was demonstrated procedure of statistical inference of mistaken establishment of water disposal's standards while using TLV through of example of water disposal in metallurgical production. There was demonstrated that accounting of individual characteristics of enterprise's wastewater and statistical errors of TLV determination enables correct level of tolerable risk of causing of harm to aquatic ecosystems.
There were presented results of investigations, which carrying out in the frame of Russia-Finland program "ENPI Karelia" on planting of man-made forests for recultivation and bioremediation of man-induced territory. Near Kostomuksha Ore-mining facilities in Republic of Karelia was examined chemical composition of man-induced lands, and planting man-made forest of Shverin's willow (Salix Schwerinii E.L. Wolf). There was demonstrated a possibility of planting of this kind willow in the conditions of the North-West of Russia on solid mediums, that are waste of iron ore beneficiation and possess low fertility. On the base of chemical analysis of plants' morphological parts was established that the most of heavy metals accumulated in roots and bark of first year willow. There was demonstrated that Shverin's willow could be used as phytoremediation measure of lands polluted by heavy metals.
There was demonstrated role of activated carbon in order for decision of global issues of bioenvironment protection from harmful industrial emissions, given examples of certain environmental carbon adsorption methods. Special attention was paid to soils detoxification from residues of pesticides and useful environmentally clean horticulture products
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