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Ecology and Industry of Russia

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Vol 19, No 5 (2015)
View or download the full issue PDF № 5 (2015) (Russian)

NUMBER SUBJECT. Technologies of Environmental Safety

4-7 573
Abstract
The possibility and advantages of applying ozone sensors to control the removal of volatile contaminating substances of the organic nature from vent and production
emissions is considered. A short description of the schematic of automation of the ionization purification method and the description of the laboratory
installation designed at the Vologda State University are given. Functional diagrams of operation of the automated ionization installation and main production
parameters, at which the experiments were performed, are described. The dependence of efficiency of oxidation on the stabilization time of the working zone of
a chamber and content of ozone in the gas–air mixture are established experimentally. The data on the convergence of the results of the performed experiment
by various methods are presented and procedures used when processing the results are described.
8-12 1213
Abstract
The results of investigations into the sorption removal of oil products from waste water are presented. Regularities of adsorption of oil products from water solutions
using wood ash forming during the combustion of wood processing wastes in boilers as a sorbent are investigated and kinetic and sorption characteristics
of sorption necessary to fulfill the engineering calculations are determined. A high efficiency of purification of waste water is proven and their quality is provided
according to the accepted sanitary-hygienic and manufacturing norms. A manufacturing solution on broadening the assortment of occurring sorbents and field of
using the technogeneous materials is recommended based on performed investigations.
13-19 673
Abstract
Our analysis of accumulation of methyl mercury in fishes of water objects of various types in Vologda oblast and Nizhni Novgorod oblast showed the dependence
of the level of mercury pollution on the structure of the industrial load and natural peculiarities of the region. The features of accumulation of mercury in fishes at
territories differing by the economic activity, including city water courses, large fishing lakes, and water objects of protected area are established. It is shown that
the accumulation of methyl mercury in fishes increases with age and size and depends on inhabitance conditions, peculiarities of the water object, and economic
load on watersheds including the industrial emission. Accumulation of mercury is investigated by the “zooplankton–young of fish” trophic chain. The presence
of long-term tends of increasing the mercury content in a muscle tissue of fishes in large fishing basins of the Vologda oblast is revealed.

ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS

20-25 601
Abstract
The results of comparative tests of various types of packing for biofiltration of dichloromethane vapors (a combined packing made of polymer materials, regular
packing made of polyurethane foam and coal grains 3–4 mm in diameter). Packing were compared by their geometric, hydrodynamic, and mass-exchange characteristics.
In addition to the influence of properties of packing on the biofiltration efficiency, the influence of organization of the contact between interacting
gas–liquid flows (co-current and counter-current) is considered. The experiments were performed in laboratory bioreactors 40 mm in diameter. The influence of
geometric properties of packing on the biofiltration efficiency is revealed and confirmed experimentally. The variation in the pressure loss in the packing layer in
time is established.
26-30 797
Abstract
The results of investigation into the influence of laser radiation on heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+) in water medium. To reveal the effect of the laser radiation, model aqueous
solutions of copper(II) and nickel(II) with the content of copper of 0,25–1 mg/L and that of nickel of 0,5–5 mg/L were used. To irradiate the solutions, helium-neon
and argon gas-discharge lasers with various wavelengths were used. It is established that the intense deposition of metal ions is caused by the photochemical reduction,
two-photon photolysis of water, and synthesis of nanoparticles in liquid media, particularly by the formation of active particles under the effect of laser radiation and
formation of colloid metal clusters. The application of laser technologies in modern purification systems of industrial waste water based on physicochemical methods
will make it possible to broaden the range of heavy metals subjected to removal and increase in the purification efficiency of waste water.
31-33 391
Abstract
When designing the systems for toxicity lowering of burnt gases, the determining factor for the prediction of the resource of the system is a correct determination
of longevity of elements of the system. A problem of calculating for strength of the construction, which represents a cylindrical shell reinforced by rigidity edges
and situating under the internal pressure, is considered. A surface defect is arranged on an internal shell side. A procedure for the calculation of longevity of the
construction allowing for the surface defect is developed for the case of cyclic loading. The values of longevity were found numerically by the specified dimensionless
initial and critical sizes of the crack. It is established that when allowing for the surface defect of the construction in the case of cyclic loading, the number
of operational cycles decreases by 12–16%. The proposed procedure makes it possible to predict the service life of the system for lowering the toxicity at its
designing stage allowing for the surface defects under the cyclic loading.

SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS

34-36 416
Abstract

Optimal oxidation conditions of spent etching solutions of steel-rolling plants using sodium hypochlorite are established. It is shown that it is reasonable to fabricate iron-containing coagulants with the molar ratio (Fe2+ : NaOCl) = 1 : 0.36 and oxidation time of three days, which corresponds to the 70 % conversion of Fe2+ into Fe3+. The performance of oxidation under these conditions will make it possible to reduce the oxidant consumption by 29 % and to decrease the amount of the NaCl side product by 32 % without activity lowering of the prepared coagulant.

37-41 646
Abstract

Wastes of gold-bearing deposit (deads) were used as a depleting agent for shortening the drying time of green brick, and to increase strength of wares—aluminum-containing petrochemistry waste was used without applying natural traditional materials. The influence of the content of wastes of the gold-bearing deposit and petrochemistry on physicomechanical properties of ceramic brick based on slaty clay is investigated. A model is constructed based on the results of the actual experiment and analytically describes the dependence of experimental results. The performed regression analysis makes it possible to construct mathematical models allowing for the prediction of the properties of ceramic masses in points not entering the experimental series. Taking into account that traditional natural feedstock resources in Russia and other CIS countries are depleted now, the involvement of production wastes into the manufacturing recycle will make it possible to produce high-quality ceramic materials. In addition, the use of production wastes will make it possible to create energy-and-resource saving technologies for production of building materials.

ANALYSIS. METHODS. PROGNOSIS

42-45 396
Abstract

Most underground structures of city fail before the prescribed time because of underestimating the interaction factors of the latter with the environmental parameter and not always correct selection of their building technologies. In this article, The procedure of substantiation of technologies, which corresponds not only operational but also ecological requirements, is proposed in this article.

46-49 517
Abstract

Lubricant-cooling agents (LCAs) are an important element of the manufacturing system. They increase the manufacturing and economical efficiency of production processes. The correct selection of LCAs makes it possible to minimize their negative effect and that of the production process in general to the personnel and environment. To solve this problem, the database and EKO SOTS information-search system are created. One of the main tools developed for the rational selection of LCAs and systems for their application is a complex criterion of the selection, which represents the set of parameters, characteristics of LCAs, and systems for their application. It can vary depending on the significance of these parameters determined by the consumer. A complex criterion includes the manufacturing, ecological, and economical parameters of the manufacturing system with the application of LCAs.

50-55 563
Abstract

The geochemical evaluation of the state of high-toxic elements (Se, Sb, As, Bi, Tl, Te) and radionuclides (U, Th) in a soil cover of the urbanized territory is given by the example of low-industrial Far-East city of Blagoveshchensk, Amur oblast. The regional lithogeochemical background near Blagoveshchensk is characterized by the anomaly of the Bi–Se specialization and the absence of the minimal enrichment with As and Sb. By the pedogeochemical specialization (relatively to clarkes in world soils), Blagoveshchensk, allowing for regional peculiarities, can be attributed to background cities with the near-clarke contents of high-toxic element in the soil. A considerable fraction of potentially mobile form of Se and U and As in certain points is revealed in soils of the urbanized territory; MPC is exceeded by the gross content only for As both in background and in city soils.

56-60 363
Abstract

The historically formed social practice of sacrality of the leader in the resolution and controlling the nature-saving activity in Russia is considered. Based on the statement of Academician V.I. Vernadsky on traditions of the country formed for centuries and not promoting “… self-organization … because of the absence of feedback systems”, the possibility of the stable development of the country with the simultaneous system decrease in suppression of the unique nature of Russia is analyzed. It is affirmed that the giant territory of the country with various levels of the economical development of regions cannot be a single-moment universal area providing the direct cloning of ecological standards and normative practice of EC in nearest years as unique in depressive and donor regions of the country. The necessity of creation of new models of nature-saving right relationships is mentioned. Interests of the local and regional population and managing subjects should be taken into account allowing for the specifics of each region of Russia.

61-63 580
Abstract

Contamination of artesian water of the flat part of Dagestan with arsenic is considered. The results of the chemical analysis of samples for arsenic are presented. The causes of contamination with arsenic in underground water are considered.



ISSN 1816-0395 (Print)
ISSN 2413-6042 (Online)